Multi-threading lets different tasks to run concurrently in a single process, hence multi-threaded programs would run faster on machines with multiple processors and on CPUs with multiple cores. On an SMP (Symmetric Multi-Processing system, where multiple processors share a single memory system) system with no CMT (Chip Multi-Threading), software threads are executed on different processors; and on an SMP system with CMT, the threads are executed on cores, and logical processors in CMP (Chip Multi-Processing) processors. As revolutionary chip designs are evolving, many important commercial applications like Oracle, SAP, Siebel, PeopleSoft are designed to be multi-threaded.

Debugging a multi-threaded (MT in short) application is a bit hard, due to the number of software threads running in parallel, compared to a single threaded program where only one task will be running per process, at any given time. Thread synchronization plays an important role when concurrently running threads have to share global resources. Improperly synchronized threads may starve, and lead to unnecessary dead locks, and race conditions. So, it is good to have an MT aware debugger handy, during development and in support phases of software life cycle, to debug threading issues.

Fortunately on Solaris, Sun Studio's debugger, dbx, has support for MT applications that are designed to use Solaris threads, and/or POSIX threads. With dbx, it is possible to get information like thread state, stack trace, locks from all threads, navigate between threads, suspend/resume threads, put break points in a thread and can do step by step execution in a function in a designated thread. Note that Solaris Modular Debugger (mdb) also has support for MT programs; but this blog post concentrates on Studio's dbx.

Siebel processes were used to show various dbx commands in the following examples. Siebel is a multi-threaded application, written in C/C++.

The following example shows some useful commands to get the stack trace in the thread, where the process crashed. For more information about dbx commands, type help or help <command> in dbx environment ie., at dbx prompt.

% ls -lh core
-rw-------   1 giri     other       273M Dec  9 16:56 core

% file core
core:           ELF 32-bit MSB core file SPARC Version 1, from 'siebprocmw'

% /opt/SS11/SUNWspro/prod/bin/dbx siebprocmw core
For information about new features see `help changes'
To remove this message, put `dbxenv suppress_startup_message 7.5' in your .dbxrc
Reading siebprocmw
core file header read successfully
Reading ld.so.1
Reading libsslcwsl.so
Reading libssscsci.so
Reading libssscscf.so
...
...
Reading libsbcfui.so
Reading libsbcfuiapps.so
t@1 (l@1) terminated by signal KILL (Killed)
0xfd2bc7e0: ___nanosleep+0x0008:        blu      _cerror        ! 0xfd2206a0

(dbx) threads
 >    t@1  a  l@1   ?()   LWP suspended in  ___nanosleep()
      t@2  b  l@2   MwTimerThread()   LWP suspended in  __pollsys()
      t@3  b  l@3   MwAsyncSignalThread()   sleep on 0xfd874078  in  __lwp_park()
      t@4  b  l@4   MwThread()   LWP suspended in  __pollsys()
      t@5  b  l@5   MwThread()   LWP suspended in  __pollsys()
o     t@6  b  l@6   MwThread()   signal SIGABRT in  __lwp_kill()
      t@7  b  l@7   MwThread()   LWP suspended in  __pollsys()
      t@9  b  l@9   MwThread()   LWP suspended in  ___nanosleep()

In the above list, t@1 is the current thread, which is indicated by ">", and the start function is not known (indicated with a "?()").

(dbx) thread
current thread ($thread) is t@1

(dbx) where
current thread: t@1
=>[1] ___nanosleep(0x4, 0xffbfd9a8, 0x0, 0xff000000, 0x0, 0x0), at 0xfd2bc7e0
  [2] _sleep(0x64, 0x0, 0xfd2e8bc0, 0xfd0e2000, 0xfd0e2000, 0x0), at 0xfd2afaa0
  [3] thr_t::do_thr_action(0xfd86ba10, 0xc, 0x1608, 0xfd86ba20, 0x1, 0x2), at 0xfd770e14
  [4] thr_t::t_sleep(0xfb80f5c0, 0x0, 0xffbfdb0e, 0xffbfdb08, 0xfd8546cc, 0xffffffff), at 0xfd770c58
  [5] MwWaitForMultipleObjects(0xfb80f5c0, 0x2, 0xfb80f5c8, 0x2, 0xffffffff, 0x9cd48), at 0xfd774dd4
  [6] WaitForMultipleObjectsEx(0x2, 0xffbfde3c, 0x0, 0x100000, 0x0, 0x9cd48), at 0xfd77fe9c
  [7] OSDNTWait::WaitForThread(0xc, 0xffffffff, 0xffbfdecc, 0xd0108, 0x1004f, 0xff8a1d64), at 0xffa7b050
  [8] OSDWaitTid(0xc, 0xffffffff, 0xffbfe7c4, 0x0, 0xc, 0xc), at 0xff05f1c4
  [9] scfEventFacility::scfEventFac::ShutdownCmd(0xe14450, 0x1, 0x7, 0xfe4de0f4, 0xffbfe7c8, 0xff48f8d4), at 0xff819884
  [10] scfEventFacility::scfEventFac::Shutdown(0xffbfe96c, 0xff877530, 0x0, 0x5e000, 0xff874e8c, 0x5e114), at 0xff819390
  [11] ScfSisDetach(0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0xffffffff, 0xffbfe96c, 0xfc81c), at 0xff781ed4
  [12] _shutdown(0x6479c, 0x0, 0x651a8, 0x651a8, 0x7, 0x0), at 0x49c7c
  [13] wmain(0x12a, 0x6479c, 0x0, 0x0, 0xffbfedac, 0x6479c), at 0x4995c
  [14] main(0xfd85f310, 0xc94, 0xffbfef90, 0x54, 0xfd85f310, 0xc00), at 0x4d3cc

This is not exactly what we are looking for. The above call stack shows where the current thread (t@1) is waiting. Since our interest is to find out the thread that is responsible for the process crash, we need to look for an o before the thread id. t@6 is the ill fated thread in the list of all known threads; and the process was killed because of a SIGABRT in lwp_kill method. Note that OS provides the necessary abstraction for creating, and destroying threads; and also has the freedom of killing malfunctioning threads when things go haywire. In this example, __lwp_kill() was called by the operating system, due to some event which we are going to investigate.

thread -info <tid> command provides more information like what exactly happened in application code that triggered the forcible shutdown.

(dbx) thread -info t@6
        Thread t@6 (0xfcb80c00) at priority 0
        state: bound to    l@6
        base function: 0xfd770ff4: MwThread() stack: 0xfa380000[524288]
        flags: BOUND|DETACHED|SUSPENDED
        masked signals: SEGV
        Currently active in __lwp_kill

Observe that kernel trapped an illegal memory access with a SEGV signal. The default behavior for a SEGV, is to shutdown the process with a possible core file generation (aka core dump). Let's switch to thread t@6 with thread <tid> command, and get to the instruction which raised the segmentation fault.

(dbx) thread t@6
t@6 (l@6) stopped in __lwp_kill at 0xfd2bd5ec
0xfd2bd5ec: __lwp_kill+0x0008:  bcc,a,pt  %icc,__lwp_kill+0x18  ! 0xfd2bd5fc

(dbx) thread
current thread ($thread) is t@6

(dbx) where
current thread: t@6
=>[1] __lwp_kill(0x0, 0x6, 0x0, 0x6, 0xffff0000, 0x0), at 0xfd2bd5ec
  [2] raise(0x6, 0x0, 0xfd2a1af4, 0x42770, 0xfd2e4278, 0x6), at 0xfd25d884
  [3] abort(0xe15220, 0x1, 0x0, 0xa6544, 0xfd2e7298, 0x0), at 0xfd23de38
  [4] SehScanInvokeTryList(0x44bd308, 0x108000, 0xfd8571c4, 0x0, 0x2, 0x0), at 0xfd74c9d4
  [5] Signal_Handler::raise(0xc0000005, 0xfa37cde8, 0x0, 0x2, 0xfa37cc80, 0x1800), at 0xfd74d778
  [6] Raise_Exception::operator()(0x67670, 0xb, 0xfa37d0a0, 0xfa37cde8, 0xfd86a07c, 0x2c), at 0xfd74d8dc
  [7] __sighndlr(0xb, 0xfa37d0a0, 0xfa37cde8, 0xfd74d7c8, 0x0, 0x1), at 0xfd2bc52c
  ---- called from signal handler with signal 11 (SIGSEGV) ------
  [8] CSSSqlObj::GetTrxDbConn(0x458a7d8, 0x0, 0x1394478, 0x64c00, 0x0, 0x4611290), at 0xf91de72c
  [9] CSSSqlObj::Execute(0x4611290, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0xfe4dd294), at 0xf91c7b98
  [10] CSSBusComp::SqlExecute(0x4606640, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x1, 0x4b22e84), at 0xf9a9c160
  [11] CSSBCBase::SqlExecute(0x4606640, 0x0, 0xfa37d6fc, 0x0, 0x1, 0xf57be3e8), at 0xf56c2294
  [12] CSSBusComp::Execute(0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x4606640, 0xfa37d7cc), at 0xf9a6b118
  [13] CSSMsgBoardMaintSvc::UpdTaskHistory(0x44b5ae0, 0xfa37df90, 0x0, 0x4567d14, 0xf8611198, 0x489cd94), at 0xf85f2d48
  [14] CSSMsgBoardMaintSvc::HandleEventDataList(0x44b5ae0, 0x43a0018, 0xff486b38, 0x0, 0xfa37e0ac, 0xf8611198), at 0xf85f5afc
  [15] CSSMsgBoardMaintSvc::ReadTaskHistory(0x44b5ae0, 0x43a0018, 0xf85f4e60, 0x44b5ae0, 0x43a0018, 0x1), at 0xf85f53c0
  [16] scfEventFacility::scfEventFac::CallRegSub(0x2a59448, 0x4109bd8, 0x0, 0x0, 0x8, 0x2), at 0xff81ad20
  [17] scfEventFacility::scfEventFac::HandleCurrProcEvents(0xe14450, 0x7530, 0xe14450, 0xff432ef0, 0xff874e8c, 0x1), 
            at 0xff81b19c
  [18] scfEventFacility::scfEventFac::scfEventThreadMain(0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x7400, 0xfa37fc90, 0xd0001), at 0xff81a7dc
  [19] OSDWslThreadStart(0x101d58, 0xff81a580, 0x101d58, 0x6, 0x0, 0x101d70), at 0xff05bec8
  [20] _AfxThreadEntry(0xffbfde34, 0xe9568, 0x0, 0x1, 0x0, 0x17289c), at 0xfeb95730
  [21] MwThread(0x1, 0x0, 0x1, 0x0, 0xfd86bed0, 0xe15220), at 0xfd771230

From the above stack trace it is clear that the binary doesn't contain necessary debug information to show high level instructions; so, let's try to get the disassembly with dis command.

(dbx) dis GetTrxDbConn / 50
More than one identifier 'GetTrxDbConn'.
Select one of the following:
 0) Cancel
 1) `libsscfdm.so`#__1cPCSSModelPhysDefMGetTrxDbConn6MpkH_pnJCSSDbConn__
  [non -g, demangles to: CSSModelPhysDef::GetTrxDbConn(const unsigned short*)]
 2) `libsscfdm.so`#__1cJCSSSqlObjMGetTrxDbConn6kM_pnJCSSDbConn__
  [non -g, demangles to: CSSSqlObj::GetTrxDbConn()const]
> 2
0xf91de6c0: GetTrxDbConn       :        save     %sp, -96, %sp
0xf91de6c4: GetTrxDbConn+0x0004:        mov      %i0, %i5
0xf91de6c8: GetTrxDbConn+0x0008:        ld       [%i0 + 388], %i0
0xf91de6cc: GetTrxDbConn+0x000c:        cmp      %i0, 0
0xf91de6d0: GetTrxDbConn+0x0010:        be,pn    %icc,GetTrxDbConn+0x60 ! 0xf91de720
0xf91de6d4: GetTrxDbConn+0x0014:        sethi    %hi(0x5b400), %l6
0xf91de6d8: GetTrxDbConn+0x0018:        call     GetTrxDbConn+0x20      ! 0xf91de6e0
0xf91de6dc: GetTrxDbConn+0x001c:        mov      %o7, %o7
0xf91de6e0: GetTrxDbConn+0x0020:        sethi    %hi(0x2d1400), %o5
0xf91de6e4: GetTrxDbConn+0x0024:        xor      %l6, 88, %l4
0xf91de6e8: GetTrxDbConn+0x0028:        inc      420, %o5
0xf91de6ec: GetTrxDbConn+0x002c:        sethi    %hi(0x1000), %l5
0xf91de6f0: GetTrxDbConn+0x0030:        add      %o5, %o7, %l3
0xf91de6f4: GetTrxDbConn+0x0034:        add      %l5, 868, %l1
0xf91de6f8: GetTrxDbConn+0x0038:        add      %l3, %l4, %l2
0xf91de6fc: GetTrxDbConn+0x003c:        ld       [%l2], %l0
0xf91de700: GetTrxDbConn+0x0040:        ld       [%l0 + %l1], %o4
0xf91de704: GetTrxDbConn+0x0044:        cmp      %o4, 0
0xf91de708: GetTrxDbConn+0x0048:        be,a,pn  %icc,GetTrxDbConn+0x68 ! 0xf91de728
0xf91de70c: GetTrxDbConn+0x004c:        ld       [%i5 + 128], %i2
0xf91de710: GetTrxDbConn+0x0050:        ld       [%o4 + 88], %l7
0xf91de714: GetTrxDbConn+0x0054:        cmp      %i5, %l7
0xf91de718: GetTrxDbConn+0x0058:        bne,a,pn  %icc,GetTrxDbConn+0x68        ! 0xf91de728
0xf91de71c: GetTrxDbConn+0x005c:        ld       [%i5 + 128], %i2
0xf91de720: GetTrxDbConn+0x0060:        ret
0xf91de724: GetTrxDbConn+0x0064:        restore  %g0, 0, %o0
0xf91de728: GetTrxDbConn+0x0068:        ld       [%i2 + 188], %i1
0xf91de72c: GetTrxDbConn+0x006c:        ld       [%i1 - 16], %i3
0xf91de730: GetTrxDbConn+0x0070:        cmp      %i3, 0
0xf91de734: GetTrxDbConn+0x0074:        bge,pn   %icc,GetTrxDbConn+0x90 ! 0xf91de750
0xf91de738: GetTrxDbConn+0x0078:        add      %i2, 188, %i4
0xf91de73c: GetTrxDbConn+0x007c:        clr      %o0
0xf91de740: GetTrxDbConn+0x0080:        call     RequiredConditionIsFalse [PLT] ! 0xf94b0684
0xf91de744: GetTrxDbConn+0x0084:        mov      84, %o1
0xf91de748: GetTrxDbConn+0x0088:        ld       [%i4], %i1
0xf91de74c: GetTrxDbConn+0x008c:        ld       [%i5 + 388], %i0
0xf91de750: GetTrxDbConn+0x0090:        call     GetTrxDbConn   ! 0xf90e0e00
0xf91de754: GetTrxDbConn+0x0094:        restore  %g0, 0, %g0
0xf91de758: GetTrxDbConn+0x0098:        unimp    0x0
...
...

To see the actual C++ instruction which seg faulted, compile the binary with -g (debug) option, and reproduce the crash. If the source code is readable from the location where you run the dbx session, you will see the actual high level instructions.

The objective of this section is to show how to use some of the dbx commands to get some useful information, from a running MT process.

   PID USERNAME  SIZE   RSS STATE  PRI NICE      TIME  CPU PROCESS/NLWP
  2754 giri      399M  302M sleep   59    0   0:00:34 2.0% siebmtshmw/21

% /opt/SS11/SUNWspro/prod/bin/dbx - 2754
For information about new features see `help changes'
To remove this message, put `dbxenv suppress_startup_message 7.5' in your .dbxrc
Reading -
Reading ld.so.1
Reading libsslcwsl.so
Reading libssscsci.so
Reading libssscscf.so
...
...
Reading libsscasvbc.so
Reading libswcasvfr.so
Attached to process 2754 with 21 LWPs
t@1 (l@1) stopped in __pollsys at 0xfd13d1c4
0xfd13d1c4: __pollsys+0x0004:   ta       8

(dbx) threads
 >    t@1  a  l@1   ?()   running          in  __pollsys() <- t@1 is always the default current thread under dbx
      t@2  b  l@2   MwTimerThread()   sleep on 0xfb80f4c0  in  __lwp_park()
      t@3  b  l@3   MwAsyncSignalThread()   sleep on 0xfd774078  in  __lwp_park()
      t@4  b  l@4   MwThread()   running          in  __pollsys()
      t@5  b  l@5   MwThread()   running          in  __pollsys()
      t@6  b  l@6   MwThread()   sleep on 0xf9b7eb80  in  __lwp_park()
      t@7  b  l@7   MwThread()   running          in  __pollsys()
      t@8  b  l@8   MwThread()   running          in  _so_recv()
      t@9  b  l@9   MwThread()   sleep on 0xf927fb68  in  __lwp_park()
     t@10  b l@10   MwThread()   sleep on 0xf877f500  in  __lwp_park()
     t@11  b l@11   MwThread()   sleep on 0xf867fa40  in  __lwp_park()
     t@12  b l@12   MwThread()   sleep on 0xf857fa50  in  __lwp_park()
     t@13  b l@13   MwThread()   sleep on 0xf847fa38  in  __lwp_park()
     t@14  b l@14   MwThread()   running          in  __pollsys()
     t@15  b l@15   MwThread()   sleep on 0xf827f490  in  __lwp_park()
     t@16  b l@16   MwThread()   running          in  __pollsys()
     t@17  b l@17   MwThread()   sleep on 0xf807f490  in  __lwp_park()
     t@18  b l@18   MwThread()   running          in  __pollsys()
     t@19  b l@19   MwThread()   sleep on 0xf4c7f490  in  __lwp_park()
     t@20  b l@20   MwThread()   running          in  __pollsys()
     t@21  b l@21   MwThread()   sleep on 0xf4a7f490  in  __lwp_park()

Put a break point in thread 21 (t@21) for all calls to memcpy():

(dbx) stop in memcpy -thread t@21
More than one identifier 'memcpy'.
Select one of the following:
 0) Cancel
 1) `libc.so.1`memcpy
 2) `libc_psr.so.1`memcpy
 a) All
> a
dbx: warning: 'memcpy' has no debugger info -- will trigger on first instruction
dbx: warning: 'memcpy' has no debugger info -- will trigger on first instruction
Will create handlers for all 2 hits
(2) stop in _private_memcpy -thread t@21 <- implicit break point set by dbx
(3) stop in _memcpy -thread t@21  <- implicit break point

(dbx) cont
t@21 (l@21) stopped in _memcpy at 0xfe1f04c0
0xfe1f04c0: _memcpy       :     nop

Note that dbx is synchronous -- when any thread or lightweight process (LWP) stops, all other threads and LWPs stop as well.

(dbx) thread
current thread ($thread) is t@21

(dbx) where
current thread: t@21
=>[1] _memcpy(0x5080e14, 0xff406b38, 0x2, 0x36, 0x1, 0x6c), at 0xfe1f04c0
  [2] SSstring::GetWriteBuffer(0xf4a7e6ac, 0xff406b28, 0xff874e8c, 0x32, 0x0, 0xff3b2ef0), at 0xff31ffcc
  [3] sciProcState::sciBlock::FormatLatchName(0xf4a7e6ac, 0x1, 0x7, 0x853c, 0xffa30bd8, 0x8400), at 0xffa02744
  [4] sciProcState::sciProcState(0x5ad31f8, 0xf9fc0000, 0xf4a7e644, 0xff406b3c, 0x0, 0x0), at 0xffa012c4
  [5] sciProcState::GetSciProcState(0xf4a7e7f8, 0x26fcb8, 0x5ad31f8, 0xff88db30, 0x5f5e4, 0x61e6c90), at 0xffa014f0
  [6] SciCheckShutdown(0xf4a7e8cc, 0x34151f8, 0x74, 0x26fcb8, 0x0, 0x2ef798), at 0xff9fe0e4
  [7] SciGetInterrupt(0x0, 0x6a20950, 0x0, 0xf4a7e864, 0x25cd94, 0x1da84), at 0xff9fde40
  [8] _smiMessageQ::ProcessMessage(0x15f85c0, 0x6a20950, 0x0, 0x0, 0x24a360, 0x32e18f0), at 0x2158e4
  [9] _smiMessageQ::ProcessRequest(0x3380c48, 0x6a20950, 0x191, 0x2, 0x5ae22f0, 0x15f85c0), at 0x21461c
  [10] _smiWorkQueue::ProcessWorkItem(0x15f98b8, 0x3380c48, 0x6a20950, 0x5ae2390, 0x0, 0x101f180), at 0x208d08
  [11] _smiWorkQueue::WorkerTask(0x15f98b8, 0x5b7f6b8, 0x3326338, 0x1500e0, 0x0, 0x0), at 0x208764
  [12] SmiThrdEntryFunc(0x32f72d8, 0x70000f, 0x700010, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0), at 0x1f7a0c
  [13] OSDWslThreadStart(0x3380568, 0x1f75a0, 0x3380568, 0x15, 0x0, 0x3380760), at 0xfefdbec8
  [14] _AfxThreadEntry(0xf4b7de5c, 0x3386210, 0x0, 0x1, 0x0, 0x17289c), at 0xfeb95730
  [15] MwThread(0x1, 0x0, 0x1, 0x0, 0xfd76bed0, 0x33cdc40), at 0xfd671230

Let's step into memcpy() with stepi, and observe how the thread state changes.

(dbx) stepi
t@21 (l@21) stopped in _memcpy at 0xfe1f04c4
0xfe1f04c4: _memcpy+0x0004:     nop

(dbx) threads
      t@1  a  l@1   ?()   running          in  __pollsys()
      t@2  b  l@2   MwTimerThread()   sleep on 0xfb80f4c0  in  __lwp_park()
      t@3  b  l@3   MwAsyncSignalThread()   sleep on 0xfd774078  in  __lwp_park()
      t@4  b  l@4   MwThread()   running          in  __pollsys()
      t@5  b  l@5   MwThread()   running          in  __pollsys()
      t@6  b  l@6   MwThread()   sleep on 0xf9b7eb80  in  __lwp_park()
      t@7  b  l@7   MwThread()   running          in  __pollsys()
      t@8  b  l@8   MwThread()   running          in  _so_recv()
      t@9  b  l@9   MwThread()   sleep on 0xf927fb68  in  __lwp_park()
     t@10  b l@10   MwThread()   sleep on 0xf877f500  in  __lwp_park()
     t@11  b l@11   MwThread()   sleep on 0xf867fa40  in  __lwp_park()
     t@12  b l@12   MwThread()   sleep on 0xf857fa50  in  __lwp_park()
     t@13  b l@13   MwThread()   sleep on 0xf847fa38  in  __lwp_park()
     t@14  b l@14   MwThread()   running          in  __pollsys()
     t@15  b l@15   MwThread()   sleep on 0xf827f490  in  __lwp_park()
     t@16  b l@16   MwThread()   running          in  __pollsys()
o    t@17  b l@17   MwThread()   breakpoint       in  _memcpy()
o    t@18  b l@18   MwThread()   breakpoint       in  _memcpy()
o    t@19  b l@19   MwThread()   breakpoint       in  _memcpy()
     t@20  b l@20   MwThread()   running          in  __pollsys()
*>   t@21  b l@21   MwThread()   single stepped   in  _memcpy()

In the above example, t@17, t@18 and t@19 are stopped at calls to memcpy(); and t@21 stepped into memcpy(). Get out of memcpy() with step up command.

(dbx) step up
_memcpy returns 84413972
t@21 (l@21) stopped in SSstring::GetWriteBuffer at 0xff31ffd4
0xff31ffd4: GetWriteBuffer+0x0114:      ld       [%i1 + 4], %i2

Clear the break point (in current thread) with clear command

(dbx) cont
t@21 (l@21) stopped in _memcpy at 0xfe1f04c0
0xfe1f04c0: _memcpy       :     nop

(dbx) clear
cleared (3) stop in _memcpy -thread t@21

thread -blocks [<tid>] lists all locks held by the given thread, blocking other threads. If tid is not specified, dbx lists the locks held by the current thread. In the following example, t@21 (current thread) is not holding any locks.

(dbx) thread -blocks
Locks held by t@21:

thread -blockedby [<tid>] shows the synchronization object (monitor) on which the given thread is blocked. If tid is not specified, dbx shows this information for the current thread. Note that only sleeping threads must be in blocked state.

(dbx) thread -blockedby t@10
Thread t@10 is blocked by:
0xf877f500 (0xf877f500): thread  condition variable

(dbx) thread -blockedby t@12
Thread t@12 is blocked by:
0xf857fa50 (0xf857fa50): thread  condition variable

(dbx) thread -blockedby t@17
Thread t@17 is not asleep

syncs command lists all synchronization objects ie., locks/monitors.

(dbx) syncs
All locks currently known to libthread:
0x01020320 (0x01020320): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0x010203f8 (0x010203f8): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0xf827f490 (0xf827f490): thread  condition variable
0xf827f4a0 (0xf827f4a0): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0xf877f500 (0xf877f500): thread  condition variable
0xf877f510 (0xf877f510): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0xf927fb68 (0xf927fb68): thread  condition variable
0xf927fb78 (0xf927fb78): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0xf867fa40 (0xf867fa40): thread  condition variable
0xf867fa50 (0xf867fa50): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0xf9b7eb80 (0xf9b7eb80): thread  condition variable
0xf9b7eb90 (0xf9b7eb90): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0x015c2ed8 (0x015c2ed8): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0x015c2f38 (0x015c2f38): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0x015c2f18 (0x015c2f18): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0x015c2dd8 (0x015c2dd8): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0x015c34d8 (0x015c34d8): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0x03325fb8 (0x03325fb8): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0x033264b8 (0x033264b8): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0x033261b8 (0x033261b8): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0x017a6ce8 (0x017a6ce8): thread  mutex(locked)
0xfa4f4314 (0xfa4f4314): process mutex(locked)
0x0332c438 (0x0332c438): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0x0332c348 (0x0332c348): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0x02fcd7e8 (0x02fcd7e8): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0x0028f860 (0x0028f860): thread  mutex(unlocked)
__1cUCSSSISLocalTransSrvrKs_instLock_+0x8 (0xff1ee220): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0x034150e8 (0x034150e8): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0x034151d8 (0x034151d8): thread  mutex(unlocked)
__uberdata+0x80 (0xfd168c40): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0x01878b98 (0x01878b98): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0x01878aa8 (0x01878aa8): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0xfa4c7e9c (0xfa4c7e9c): process mutex(unlocked)
libc_malloc_lock (0xfd1676f8): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0x0179cb30 (0x0179cb30): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0x0179c830 (0x0179c830): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0xfa5c2664 (0xfa5c2664): process mutex(unlocked)
0xfa5c2c94 (0xfa5c2c94): process mutex(unlocked)
0x0161dd90 (0x0161dd90): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0x0101f6e0 (0x0101f6e0): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0x0101f718 (0x0101f718): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0x0101f770 (0x0101f770): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0x0101f508 (0x0101f508): thread  mutex(locked)
0x0101f5a8 (0x0101f5a8): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0x015bfe90 (0x015bfe90): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0x015bfe20 (0x015bfe20): thread  mutex(unlocked)
0x015bfe58 (0x015bfe58): thread  mutex(unlocked)

To get information about a synchronization object at a given address, use sync -info <address>

(dbx) sync -info 0x0028f860
0x0028f860 (0x28f860): thread  mutex(unlocked)
Lock is unowned
No threads are blocked by this lock

(dbx) sync -info 0xf877f500
0xf877f500 (0xf877f500): thread  condition variable

(dbx) sync -info 0xfd1676f8
libc_malloc_lock (0xfd1676f8): thread  mutex(unlocked)
Lock is unowned
No threads are blocked by this lock

trace command can be used to trace the executed source lines, function calls, or variable changes. The following example traces the thread creation, and prints a message whenever a thread gets created.

(dbx) trace thr_create
(4) trace thr_create

(dbx) cont
trace: thread created t@22 on l@22
trace: thread created t@23 on l@23
Reading libsrlcver.so
Reading libsscafsbc.so
...

(dbx) threads
*>    t@1  a  l@1   ?()   signal SIGINT in  __pollsys()
      t@2  b  l@2   MwTimerThread()   sleep on 0xfb80f4c0  in  __lwp_park()
      t@3  b  l@3   MwAsyncSignalThread()   sleep on 0xfd774078  in  __lwp_park()
 ...
 ...
     t@20  b l@20   MwThread()   running          in  __pollsys()
     t@21  b l@21   MwThread()   sleep on 0xf4a7f490  in  __lwp_park()
     t@22  b l@22   MwThread()   running          in  __pollsys() <- new thread
     t@23  b l@23   MwThread()   sleep on 0xea6ff490  in  __lwp_park() <- new thread

In the above example, there is no information about who created the threads t@22 & t@23. Even to get that information, use when command as shown below:

(dbx) when thr_create { echo "New thread $newthread was created by thread $thread"; }
(6) when thr_create { kprint "New thread ${newthread} was created by thread ${thread}"; }
(dbx) cont
New thread t@24 was created by thread t@10
New thread t@25 was created by thread t@24

$newthread and $thread are pre-defined variables of dbx, which holds the thread ID of a newly created thread, and the thread ID of the current thread, respectively.

Similarly thread exits can be traced as follows:

(dbx) trace thr_exit
(5) trace thr_exit

(dbx) cont
New thread t@26 was created by thread t@10
New thread t@27 was created by thread t@26
trace: thr_exit t@27

To suspend the execution of a thread, run the command thread -suspend <tid>; to resume the suspended thread, thread -resume <tid>

(dbx) thread -suspend t@26
Thread t@26 suspended

(dbx) thread -resume t@26
Thread t@26 unsuspended

The following example shows how to set a break point to stop the execution, when a new thread with id t@34 gets created.

(dbx) stop thr_create t@34
(9) stop thr_create t@34

(dbx) cont
t@10 (l@10) stopped in tdb_event_create at 0xfd1377e8
0xfd1377e8: tdb_event_create       :    retl
trace: thread created t@34 on l@34

(dbx) where   <- who initiated the new thread creation? entire call stack
current thread: t@10
=>[1] tdb_event_create(0x2, 0x1084, 0x3ff, 0x0, 0xfc8e1c00, 0x1000), at 0xfd1377e8
  [2] _thrp_create(0x180, 0x10f8, 0xfd1377e8, 0x1e, 0xc1, 0xfde32000), at 0xfd138c04
  [3] _pthread_create(0xf877f310, 0x0, 0xfd670ff4, 0xf877f318, 0x0, 0xfd168bc0), at 0xfd12d104
  [4] MwCreateThread(0x0, 0xfeb95630, 0xf877f414, 0x4, 0x0, 0x9383cb0), at 0xfd671460
  [5] CreateThread(0x0, 0x0, 0xfeb95630, 0xf877f414, 0x4, 0x9383cb0), at 0xfd67d124
  [6] CWinThread::CreateThread(0x9383c80, 0x4, 0x0, 0x0, 0xfd164278, 0x88cabc9), at 0xfeb95f1c
  [7] AfxBeginThread(0xffa7a420, 0x88cabc0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x4, 0x0), at 0xfeb958a4
  [8] WslCreateThread(0xfefdbe00, 0x5c135c0, 0x0, 0x88cabc0, 0xf877f584, 0x16b8c), at 0xffa7a4cc
  [9] OSDCreateThread(0x211200, 0x5b40660, 0x0, 0x0, 0x5ab1590, 0x5c135c0), at 0xfefdc16c
  [10] SmiDispatchThrdMain(0x101f180, 0x5ab1588, 0x5ab1590, 0xf877fd64, 0xf877fcec, 0xff40f8d4), at 0x1f53f4
  [11] OSDWslThreadStart(0x10b8ad0, 0x1f5240, 0x10b8ad0, 0xa, 0x0, 0x15d07e8), at 0xfefdbec8
  [12] _AfxThreadEntry(0xffbfeaac, 0x2f4948, 0x0, 0x1, 0x0, 0x17289c), at 0xfeb95730
  [13] MwThread(0x1, 0x0, 0x1, 0x0, 0xfd76bed0, 0x15cd558), at 0xfd671230

Application (user) threads are not visible to the kernel. Kernel treats light weight processes (LWPs) as the only schedulable entities within a process. LWPs bridge the user level and kernel level threads. Each process contains one or more LWPs; and each LWP is associated with a kernel thread. Prior to Solaris 9, each of LWPs would run one or more user level threads (ie., 1xN). From Solaris 9 onwards, there is one LWP for every user level thread (ie., 1x1).

Use lwps command to list all LWPs in the process.

(dbx) lwps
  l@1 running          in _private_mprotect()
  l@2 running          in __lwp_park()
  l@3 running          in __lwp_park()
  l@4 running          in __pollsys()
  l@5 running          in __pollsys()
  l@6 running          in __lwp_park()
  l@7 running          in __pollsys()
  l@8 running          in _so_recv()
  l@9 running          in __lwp_park()
  l@10 running          in __lwp_park()
  l@11 running          in __lwp_park()
  l@12 running          in __lwp_park()
  l@13 running          in __time()
  l@14 running          in __pollsys()
  l@15 running          in __lwp_park()
  l@16 running          in __pollsys()
o l@17 breakpoint       in SSstring::GetWriteBuffer()
  l@18 running          in __lwp_unpark()
o l@19 breakpoint       in SSstring::GetWriteBuffer()
  l@20 running          in __pollsys()
*>l@21 breakpoint       in SSstring::GetWriteBuffer()

lwp command displays the current LWP. To switch to a different LWP, use lwp <lwpid>. lwp -info [<lwpid>] shows some useful information for a given LWP.

(dbx) lwp
current LWP ($lwp) is l@21

(dbx) lwp -info
l@21 breakpoint       in SSstring::GetWriteBuffer()
masked signals are:

(dbx) lwp -info l@12
l@12 running          in __lwp_park()
masked signals are:

(dbx) lwp l@18
t@18 (l@18) stopped in __pollsys at 0xfd13d1c4
0xfd13d1c4: __pollsys+0x0004:   ta       8

In general, MT applications that make heavy use of the standard {Solaris operating system's} memory allocator, may exhibit poor scalability. This problem occurs when multiple threads are in malloc() or free() waiting to obtain the mlock.

If the application suffers from this scalability issue, the top of the thread stacks (which can be obtained using either dbx or pstack command) will appear as below:

lwp_park
mutex_lock_queue
slow_lock
free

lwp_park
mutex_lock_queue
slow_lock
malloc

One such problem was described in this Solaris forum's thread slow_lock making application hang.

mtmalloc, umem libraries of Solaris distribution will resolve this kind of scalability problem. libmtmalloc was introduced in Solaris 7; and libumem was introduced in Solaris 9 Update 3. These userland memory allocators are packaged as a drop-in replacement to the standard malloc() and free() library calls; so, to take advantage of these allocators, link the MT application with any of these allocators.

mtmalloc, umem allocators are a redesign of the standard library; and hence results in finer grained locking. These libraries will significantly outperform the standard library in cases where multiple concurrent requests are made to the memory allocator. In the case of a single threaded application, the standard memory allocator will however provide better performance. The standard memory allocator also provides a smaller memory footprint. Note that the trade-off with mtmalloc, umem allocators is much bigger memory footprint, due to the way the memory gets allocated. For these reasons the standard memory allocator may be preferred in cases where the advantages of mtmalloc and umem, do not apply. Make sure to experiment with these memory allocators to see which one fits best for your application.

At compile time, the application can be linked against mtmalloc or umem library. Adding -lmtmalloc or -lumem, option to the link line results in the application being linked appropriately.

You can check the library dependency with ldd my_program.

If re-building the application by linking with mtmalloc or umem, is not feasible, either of these libraries can be preloaded with LD_PRELOAD environment variable, when the program is executed.

You can verify whether the library is preloaded, with pldd `pgrep my_program`.

1. Debugging a Program With dbx
   
2. Multithreaded Programming Guide
   
3. malloc vs mtmalloc

1. Welcome to the CMT Era!
   
2. Improving Application Efficiency Through Chip Multi-Threading

Posted by: Giri Mandalika.    # 6:34 PM Tweet